Commentary :: essays papers

Commentary The article that will be discussed in this paper is entitled â€Å"Phenomenology as a method to investigate the experience lived: a perspective from Husserl and Merleau-Ponty’s thought† co-written by Maria Lucia Araujo Salada and Ruebens de Camargo Ferreira Adorno. The article gives a run through of the phenomenologies of both Maurice Merleau-Ponty and Edmund Husserl, in order to appropriate their theories into psychological nursing. The question written at the beginning of the second half of the article attempt to redefine the act of nursing through phenomenology. Then the author begins to describe how to use Merleau-Ponty’s work to re-evaluate the treatment of patients in an isolation ward. In the following passage the author describes how using Merleau-Ponty’s notion of lived experience would be beneficial for the nurse in treating patients in an isolation ward: â€Å"We chose students who were experiencing being on an isolation ward while they the research was conducted because we believed that while they were actually experiencing the isolation ward their thoughts and feelings related to the experience would show up in their perceptions before undergoing a reflexive process. In their descriptions we looked for their prereflexive experience, which is the origin of the whole reflexive process and knowledge of the world.† (Salada 288) Supposedly, by being on an isolation ward, they're lived-world is so limited that research can be done on the nature of perception much more concisely. As stated in the introduction to the article; "Recently nurses have seen phenomenology as an important methodology for understanding nursing experience....as opposed to the Cartesian method...this perspective seems to be better able to handle human issues by adding new perspectives..." (Salada 282) I chose this article because I am personally interested in how the work of phenomenology can be used in areas of medicine that have been traditionally controlled by psychology. The article gives an in-depth overview of Husserlian intentionality and Pontian redefinitions of the phenomenon and lived experience. Now, I will explain both the work Husserl and Merleau-Ponty have done in phenomenology as it regards this article. Husserl, Ponty and Phenomenological Research When Husserl began the phenomenological process, the dialectical problem that had arose from Cartesian dualism began to slip away. As Husserl put phenomenology, it was "universal in its scope, because there is no a priori which does not depend upon its intentional consciousness" (Husserl 11) Phenomenology begins from the primordial, it begins with 'the things themselves'.

Magazine Article Summary

II. What is the main idea of the article? Colleges and universities have begun to build university linked housing for older alumni. This offers the alumni the ability to take part on campus, but it also creates revenue for schools needing more funding. III. How does the author support his main ideas? Dan Kadlec, the author of this article, interviewed representatives from UCLA and Ohio State University about the creation of university linked retirement villages. Both representatives were quite excited about the idea, with David Kane from UCLA hoping to create at least a dozen areas that could hold all ages of UCLA graduates. Bonnie Kantor, from Ohio State, looks more toward the wealth of knowledge that older students will bring to classes and dreams of the impact that building assisted living facilities around medical and nursing schools could have. Fifty facilities have been built around the country, some of the most notable being at Penn State, Notre Dame, and the University of Florida. Care has to be taken that the facilities don’t resemble retirement homes, because if they do it is likely â€Å"Baby Boomers† will not want to move in. Much more important than the input of older students on classes is the money that they will add to the schools’ bottom line. Adequate funding is becoming difficult to get, and private schools have become too expensive for most students. Building these villages is not cheap, but neither is the rent. Schools also hope that alumni who are deeply involved with the school will be willing to give bigger and better donations as well. Of course, there are the naysayers. There is worry that allegations of abuse from an assisted living facility could ruin the schools both financially and in reputation. There is also the concern that small schools might build facilities and not have enough interest to make them profitable. The search for funding does not end at retirement villages, however. Some schools are offering burial on the campus grounds. IV. New Vocabulary 1. Gerontology – (n.) the comprehensive study of aging and the problems of the aged 2. Fizzle – (n.) an abortive effort, faliure 3. Boomers – (n.) a person born during a baby boom 4. Assets – (n.) the entire property of a person, association, corporation, or estate applicable or subject to the payment of debts 5. Auditing – (v.) to attend a course without working for or expecting to receive formal credit      

Emerson Self Reliance

Ralph Waldo Emerson's works â€Å"Self-Reliance† and Nature esteem transcendentalism as a romantic, individualistic philosophy of life in hopes of establishing contemporary concepts in society which reject traditional institutions and customs. Emerson’s thoughts are generally based on inward reflection, in which the capabilities of one’s soul and intuition are fundamental. He believes that a rejuvenated sense of personal inspiration can overpower the dogmatic constructs society imposes on its members.Emerson stresses the potential for genius and creativity in all people through the depth of philosophic interest in nature and in oneself, allowing people to find self-truth or their purpose. He further expounds upon this concept of the pursuit of self-realization by describing the process of gaining insight through opening oneself to the powers of nature in solitude and closing oneself to the influence of society in isolation. Isolation reflects Emerson’s sta tement of individualism as its emphasis is placed on the mental strength of a person over traditional systems of thought.This philosophy esteems individuals above all: society, religion, and other institutions and systems of thought. The dogmatisms imposed on human beings are part of a course one must deviate from in order to achieve individual freedom of thought and expression. A person must use society as a standard from which they must rise above by disregarding its norms. Emerson repeatedly calls on individuals to value their own thoughts, opinions, and experiences above those presented to them by others. Each individual is a unique expression of creativity and will, capable of contributing different ideas and reforms to society.Mankind’s divinity also plays a prominent role in the methods of isolation. All people, according to Emerson, have divine powers within. Success and achievement are derived from people themselves, not bestowed by another superior being. He uses th e example of â€Å"prayer as a means to effect a private end, is theft and meanness† (Self-Reliance 545). This direct link between divinity and the individual provides assurance that the individual will, when correctly exercised, can never produce evil.Individual will, in Emerson's philosophy, is not something to be rejected or hidden, as done so by many who are unable to see past society’s dictums, but rather a force to be asserted and upheld for the more advanced progress of man. In this context however, an individual who fails to be self-reliant, who does not intend to act upon his or her own thoughts and ideas, is out of step with its purpose. Such a person, in Emerson's view, cannot be productive, fulfilled, and therefore happy, as they are not living for anything real.These people are only temporarily pacified by ideals that have already been established, innovations that have already been discovered, and abilities that have already been exhausted. On the other h and, a person who is self-reliant can be assured that he or she is carrying out a divine purpose of life, as no one before them could have had the exact same ideas, strengths, or mental environment to work with. Those who flout the rules and conventions of society and religion do, however, suffer disapproval as a result.But, Emerson points out, those men who were earlier condemned are now considered some of the greatest thinkers of all time: Galileo, Socrates, Copernicus, and countless others. Amending the immediate thought process of one’s world exposes the counter ideas of those who do not want change, but is ultimately beneficial when they are given time to adjust and open their minds to new ideas. The first innate reaction of man is to reject that which is different and may pose dangers to the familiar way of life.This â€Å"terror that scares us from self-trust† (Self-Reliance 537) is the beginning of the emergence of universal conformity which, in turn, eclipses innovation and personal growth. However, the more people open themselves to their personal judgment and intuition, the more trust they will have for each other as a mutual respect for ideas will develop. People will be able to relate to each other through their processes of thought, ensuring acknowledgment amongst all for the effort and uniqueness society will experience through individual contributions.Self-reliance is not a merely a matter of averting tradition but, just as importantly, a matter of believing and doing what one is uniquely suited to believe and do. Emerson expects the self-reliant to substitute originality for imitation in every sphere of life. Referencing architecture, Emerson explains that originality will yield a product that is superior to one made by imitation: If the American artist will study with hope and love the precise thing to be done by him, considering the climate, the soil, the length of the day, the wants of the people †¦ e will create a house in which all these will find themselves fitted, and taste and sentiment will be satisfied also (Self-Reliance 547). A commitment to live according to one's own ideas about every matter will certainly result in benefits far greater than those which are given by adhering to former ideals of society as people will be able to almost customize the different aspects of their lives. Isolating oneself from the mental influences of others provides people a tool to aid their focus on what they really desire from themselves and their lives.Though solitude arrives at the same product as isolation, abilities and confidence in oneself, it requires a separate course of action. In solitude, one must physically disconnect from civilization and open oneself to the influences of nature and the powers of the unquantifiable. In Nature, Emerson displays the overwhelming sense of unity, harmony, and the blending of man's identity with the divine essence of nature, as the entire â€Å"universe is composed of Nature and the Soul† (Nature 493). By being in nature, one comes upon the feeling of losing his human point of view.An omniscient one is then created through the feeling that man exists as part of nature-â€Å"I am nothing. I see all† (Nature 494). Nature’s constructs, such as the sublime, help people to not only appreciate their positions in the universe, but realize the vast unknown and the consequent pettiness of everyday temporal problems. By ridding oneself of the perceived dualism between people and nature, one becomes part of all creation and is able to access the power nature exerts. Solitude also includes the awareness of time and its genuine importance that nature conveys to man.Emerson counsels the self-reliant to keep their focus on the present. â€Å"Man postpones or remembers,† (Self-Reliance 541) he explains. â€Å"He does not live in the present, but with reverted eye laments the past, or, heedless of the riches that surround him, stan ds on tiptoe to foresee the future† (Self-Reliance 541). One who lingers in the past or worries about the future wastes one’s life in regret while another who looks to the future misses today's opportunities and pleasures. It is Emerson’s confidence in the present that leads him to establish that consistency is foolish.That a certain belief or course of action was correct, useful, or best in the past does not guarantee that it remains so in the present. Conversely, to leave behind a belief or a way of doing things does not mean that it was not useful at the time or that one was wrong to have pursued it, but it no longer applies. He refers to a rose’s ability to just grow, no matter what may happen in the future and what had happened in the past. The rose simply does what it is supposed to do, and does not let its goal out of sight by becoming distracted with mere possibilities or previous occurrences whose effects cannot be altered.The ability to live in t he moment ensures that an individual uses the potential of every moment to its fullest, ultimately creating a genuine purpose for said individual to work towards and a higher probability of fulfillment in life. This individual goal, however, comes with its own approach. Emerson acknowledges the fact that through isolation, people gear towards finding something they that they either want to achieve or experience as they are able to focus their thoughts on their own potential. Reaching a goal, however, has no preset or guideline; people must go about doing so in their own way.To demonstrate the effectiveness of an apparently inconsistent course through life, Emerson uses a sailing journey as a metaphor: â€Å"The voyage of the best ship is a zigzag line of a hundred tacks† (Self-Reliance 538). The knowledge that one is following the true path to the right destination, despite apparent inconsistencies, gives one confidence to ignore the taunts of others who deride one for changi ng course. By complying with both isolation and solitude, intuition judgment and appreciation become the powers by which people liberate themselves from the constructs and opinions of others and focus on personal growth.Emerson’s perception of solitude suggests that one opens themselves to the exterior influences of nature to gain insight whereas his theory of isolation contends that people use civilization as a standard from which they must deviate. If the individual is able to progress, society will do so automatically. Therefore people must trust their own characters and way of life. Isolation also combats the notion that all people are obliged to acquiesce to societal conformities that are ultimately detrimental to both individual and communal well-being.The â€Å"norm† is not always right, society regresses instead of progresses as people refuse to change what has been, in fear of being different. Solitude results in personal acceptance to where they are in life a s people open themselves to the sublime or powers they cannot compete with, imposing a sense of humility and therefore a realistic outlook to life and one’s own potential. Consequently, nature along with the powers of the human mind embodies true happiness and fulfillment.

Night Patrol by Alan Ross, War Photographer by Carol Ann Duffy and Dulce et Decorum Est by Wilfred Owen Essays

Night Patrol by Alan Ross, War Photographer by Carol Ann Duffy and Dulce et Decorum Est by Wilfred Owen Essays Night Patrol by Alan Ross, War Photographer by Carol Ann Duffy and Dulce et Decorum Est by Wilfred Owen Paper Night Patrol by Alan Ross, War Photographer by Carol Ann Duffy and Dulce et Decorum Est by Wilfred Owen Paper Essay Topic: Carol ann Duffy Poems Dunkirk Poetry All of these poems are about the effects of war, and how people feel about it. `Night Patrol` by Alan Ross. This is about a soldier that goes out on a night patrol, he is on a boat that leaves port at last light, and returns to the port at dawn. It shows the daily routine of a patrolling soldier at war. `War Photographer` by Carol Ann Duffy. This poem isnt first hand experience, she is writing as a male photographer that goes to report the war. The man realises the issues of war and death. `Dulce et Decorum Est` by Wilfred Owen, this poem is about a man on the front lines. He faces and describes the dangers or war, gunfire, gas and shelling. Night Patrol, this poem is told from a soldiers point of view. The soldier goes on his night shift patrolling the channel by boat. The first three lines are about his view on going to war, he describes it as if he was forced to go to war. He describes the headland so well that it seems he doesnt want to leave it, but it is disappearing in his view. He talks about the docks, the cranes, and railways. In his shift he sails south from land, he sees the moon as `a rouged face`. He is talking about all this as if hes not going to see it again, this could be the case though, as in the end he is going to war. He describes it so passionately, and as it disappears out of his view, he then looks at the `sea crumpled in the spray-flecked blackness`, meaning the waves and spray created at the back of the boat. `Towards midnight the cold stars, high over Europe, freeze on the sky This is a very descriptive line that gives the reader a lot of information. He is confirming that he is on a night patrol on a boat. He is also saying that he is somewhere in Europe, the North Sea. The way that he worded the line makes you feel the coldness that he is experiencing. He uses the expression of the stars freezing in the sky, giving it a cold feeling, a clear sky without clouds indicates a very cold night. I feel that he finds his day tedious and must have seen it many times before. He sees `stigmata in the sky, meaning Anti-Aircraft guns firing away piecing holes in the sky. He also hears gunfire, this I think scares him as his life is at stake. It is made worse by that he can only hear them, not see them. Then from Dunkirk he sees `red flames opening fanwise`, or an image of death, the fire then burns out and he is back to normal. As the shift is coming to an end they pass another patrol boat coming from England. Heading back he sees some clouds overhead, and back in early light he sees minesweepers going out. He is trying to get across that the daily routine starts all again, but for another man. War Photographer was written by Carol Ann Duffy, it is not a first hand piece of writing, she has written about a male photographer that has gone to war to take photos. As this is not a first hand piece she may have not got all the detail correct, unless she has spoken to a photographer that went to the war. In the first line it says that he is in his dark room and `finally alone, this suggests that he has been waiting for this moment for a long time. `With Spools of suffering set out in ordered rows The pictures taken were war photographs, most pictures taken in war had horrific outcomes, people dying or injured. What she is saying is that loads of pictures are set out in rows (each negative of the film). She then goes on to give you a little description of what the room looks like red lights that softly glows. It is quiet and he is alone, as we know. He is taking his time, and carefully developing the film. Taking photographs is his livelihood, so he was very professional about it, `his hands did not tremble then though seem to now. When he took the photograph he did not have the time to think of the horror and see the proper effect of war, he was there just to take photographs, as a professional. Now that he is in the comfort of his home, his emotions have caught up with him. `Something is happening, one of his photos is coming through, and he sees it as a stranger. He remembers how and when the photo was taken. The woman crying, lying there bleeding on the floor, `blood stained into foreign dust`. A very descriptive piece. Hundred agonies, these are the photographs showing the horrors of the war zones but only five or six will make it into the Sunday supplement. Discarding the photographs in theory is like discarding the stories and tragedies. The readers will be moved by the photographs, but, as they are between the bath and the pre-lunch beers, they are obviously more interested in their own lives. In the final two lines the photographer is on a plane heading presumably, for another war zone. What he sees from this point is the landscape where he works, full of people who feel nothing for the subject that earns him a living. Dulce et Decorum Est`, is written by Wilfred Owen, he has done many other well-known war poems and was tragically killed during the great war. Dulce et Decorum Est is about a battalion going to war and facing a daily routine of being at the front lines. `Bent double, like old beggars under sacks`, this is a very powerful first line that gets the reader thinking straight away. The message that he is trying to get across that these fine young soldiers have been worn down and are acting like old women. A flare is set off, and the whole battlefield is lit, meaning that they can see and be seen by the enemy. Men were so tired that they were marching asleep, some had lost boots, but that was the last thing on their mind. Swaying as theyre marching, `drunk with fatigue`. Gas hit them, they are all fumbling to get their masks on, the large clumsy things that they are. Someone wasnt quick enough and was burnt, by the `fire and lime`. Everyone staring out of there gas marks, a green mercy sight, as if under water. `In all my dreams before my helpless sight he plunges towards me`, what he is trying to say here is that he is haunted by the memories of what he had seen, of the terrible effects of the gas making the man choke, drowning in his own blood. In the last stanza, he is describing it as if he is there, saying that you have to be there to experience it. He describes the vision of the dead person clearly. `His hanging face, like a devils sick of sin`. It may look like hes been hung. The body having been exposed to the gas is rotting away, his corrupted lungs, bleeding, `bitter as cud`. He is saddened by the fact that all these people have lost their lives, but he may also be happy that the battle is over. To sum up this poem he uses a strong finish, Dulce et decorum est pro patria mori. Meaning it is noble to die for your country. It does not necessarily mean that hes not afraid of death, just that he thinks it is noble to die for his country. All of these poems have the relationship of war. The main message that all these poems are trying to get across is that war isnt good. In all the poems there is a sign of fear, either first hand or not, the writer still knows that theres fear. In all of the poems there is no positive part to it. In the `War Photographer` the photographer hasnt got the time to realise what is really happening, hes only there to get a front-page snap. When hes home he can have all the time to recollect his thoughts. The photographer cannot be part of his home setting because of the horrors he has witnessed, and the people for whom he works cannot fully appreciate the photographers work because they have no idea of the real circumstances of war. `Night Patrol`, the soldier that goes out on patrol seems to be scared, and wants to stay on land. He also seems fed up of the shift and continuous patrol that risks his life.

Kass on Medical Advancements essays

Kass on Medical Advancements essays Modern science presents may issues concerning human life. Leon Kass confronts the issue of immortality and prolonged life in his article, entitled Why Not Immortality?. Those involved in science hold the position that this could only benefit mankind. Kass, however, realizes the dangers involved in sciences position. He uses his article as a means of educating his readers on the possible problems, or at least to help them to think for themselves about the issue. Throughout the article, Kass poses questions, which will provoke his reader to think seriously about the so-called benefits of modern science. The fundamental question of the article seeks to understand whether longer life is truly an unqualified good (Kass, pp. 323). Kass article begins by looking at the specific cures that modern science is working on. There are three particular areas of scientific development that he deals with in the article. Firstly, he addresses the use of anti-aging cures, which are known as human growth hormones. Many people are currently using these hormones to help maintain their youthful vigor. Kass reports that, in a short time, these cures will become more affordable, allowing more individuals to take advantage of them. For those, who are more concerned with having new parts altogether; stem-cell research and cloning are working on their side. Thanks to these two areas of science, people can someday have the opportunity to replace old, unsuitable, worn-out body parts with freshly made ones. If this were possible, taking care of ones lungs, liver, or kidneys would be more of a financial matter than a matter of health. It is suggested that one other thing could stand in the way of a prolonged life. Scientists are currently researching the genetic switches that cause a person to age at the rate that they do. Once they discover, which genes are to blame, they can alter them to allow for prolo...

Learn Which Sharks Lay Eggs

Learn Which Sharks Lay Eggs Bony fish produce large numbers of eggs that may scatter throughout the ocean, sometimes getting eaten by predators along the way. In contrast, sharks (which are cartilaginous fish) produce relatively few young. Sharks have a variety of reproductive strategies, although they can be divided into two main groups - those that lay eggs, and those that give birth to live young. Read more about the reproductive strategies of sharks below. How Do Sharks Mate? All sharks mate through internal fertilization. The male inserts one or both of his claspers into the females reproductive tract and deposits sperm. During this time, the male may use his teeth to hold on to the female, so many females have scars and wounds from mating. After mating, the fertilized eggs may be laid by the mother, or they may develop either partially or fully inside the mother. The young get their nourishment either from a yolk sac or other methods, which are described in more detail below. Egg-Laying Sharks Of the approximately 400 species of sharks, about 40% lay eggs. This is called oviparity. When the eggs are laid, they are in a protective egg case (which sometimes washes up on the beach and is commonly called a mermaids purse). The egg case has tendrils that allows it to attach to a substrate such as corals, seaweed or the ocean bottom. In some species (such as the horn shark), the egg cases are pushed into the bottom or into crevices between or under rocks. In oviparous shark species, the young get their nourishment from a yolk sac. They may take several months to hatch. In some species, the eggs stay inside the female for a period of time before they are laid, so that the young have a chance to develop more fully and spend less time in the vulnerable, immobile egg cases before they hatch. Types of Sharks That Lay Eggs Shark species that lay eggs include: Bamboo sharksWobbegong sharksCarpet sharksHorn (bullhead) sharksSwell sharksMany catsharks Live-Bearing Sharks About 60% of the shark species give birth to live young. This is called viviparity. In these sharks, the young remain in the mothers uterus until they are born. The viviparous shark species can be further divided into the ways the young sharks are nourished while in the mother: Ovoviviparity Some species are ovoviviparous. In these species, the eggs are not laid until they have absorbed the yolk sac, developed and hatched, and then the female gives birth to young that look like miniature sharks. These young sharks get their nourishment from the yolk sac. This is similar to sharks that form in egg cases, but the sharks are born live. This is the most common type of development in sharks.Examples of ovoviviparous species are whale sharks, basking sharks, thresher sharks, sawfish, shortfin mako sharks, tiger sharks, lantern sharks, frilled sharks, angelsharks and dogfish sharks. Oophagy and Embryophagy In some shark species, the young developing inside their mother get their primary nutrients not from a yolk sac, but by eating unfertilized eggs (called oophagy) or their siblings (embryophagy). Some sharks produce a large number of infertile eggs for the purpose of nourishing the developing pups. Others produce a relatively large number of fertilized eggs, but only one pup survives, as the strongest one eats the rest. Examples of species in which oophagy occurs are the white, shortfin mako and sandtiger sharks. Viviparity There are some shark species that have a reproductive strategy similar to humans and other mammals. This is called placental viviparity and occurs in about 10% of the shark species. The eggs yolk sac becomes a placenta attached to the females uterine wall and nutrients are transferred from the female to the pup. This type of reproduction occurs in many of the larger sharks, including bull sharks, blue sharks, lemon sharks, and hammerhead sharks. References Canadian Shark Research Laboratory. Reproduction. Accessed January 31, 2012.Compagno, L., Dando, M. and S. Fowler. 2005. Sharks of the World. Princeton University Press.Florida Museum of Natural History. Shark Basics. Accessed January 31, 2012.Greven, H. 2009. Viviparous Sharks. Shark Info / Prof. H. Greven. Accessed January 31, 2012.Hamlett, W.C. Reproductive Modes of Elasmobranchs. Florida Museum of Natural History. Accessed January 31, 2012.Martin, R.A. Elasmobranch Reproductive Modes. ReefQuest Centre for Shark Research. Accessed January 31, 2012.Skomal, G. 2008. The Shark Handbook. Cider Mill Press Book Publishers: Kennebunkport, ME. 278pp.

TN Sex Offender Registration Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

TN Sex Offender Registration - Research Paper Example Offender’s certain categories of lifetime registration authorization were implemented from the Pam Lychner Sexual Offender Tracking and Identification Act  (PL 104-236)  in 1996 (Strutin).   In 1998, Section 115 enclosed the requirements of the Title I, the General Provisions of the Commerce, Justice, and State, the Judiciary, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act (CJSA) to alter the Wetterling Act requirements. The requirements include sex, federal military offender’s catalog  of workers and students who are nonresident and National Sex Offender Registry (NSOR) participants (BJA).   In 2000, the Wetterling Act was amended by the Campus Sex Crimes Prevention Act. It required offenders to report their wanted information regarding the employment or enrollment in any higher education institution to the law enforcement agencies that covered the institution jurisdiction (History of the JWA). Sex offenders must register themselves before or after the release from detention or punishment to the supervision of the community. It’s better from Sentencing Court or the Department of Corrections to alert the offenders regarding their local registration and requirements after their probation sentence or release. Registration agency is normally the county police department or sheriff’s office in the area where an offender resides. Multiple agencies’ involvement is not exceptional for the registration of an offender’s progress throughout the stages of the criminal justice procedure (Sex Offender Registration).   Registration laws in many states apply the same rules to offenders from one place to another. Offenders working, movements, enrollment in an education department in other the cascade in the Wetterling Act that registers them in the new states law enforcement agencies, normally within ten days (Sex Offender Registration).  Ã‚